IRL201 - History of American Labor and Management	Cliff Donn
Spring 2008	Office RH416, Ext.4484
web.lemoyne.edu/~donn/class/irl201/irl201.htm	donn@lemoyne.edu

TOPICS: The basic subject matter of the course involves the history of the workplace, workers and labor unions in the United States, from the colonial period to the present. The emphasis will be on trends and recurring themes rather than on familiarity with numerous names and dates.

SOURCES: The text for the course will be and Eileen Boris and Nelson Lichtenstein, Major Problems in the History of American Workers. In addition, you will be reading a number of articles from journals and other books which are on reserve at the library. In particular, there will be assignments from the journal Labor History.

REQUIREMENTS: All students will take a comprehensive final examination at Thursday, May 8 , at 3:00 p.m.. In addition there will be six quizzes on the reading material and one mid-term examination. The dates for all of these are listed on the schedule below. The quizzes will each take fifteen minutes while the mid-term examination will take fifty minutes. There will be no make-up quizzes or exams. If you miss a quiz or the mid-term exam, you can make up that material on the final exam (although everyone must take at least two quizzes). You may also use the final exam to replace the grades on any of the quizzes and/or the mid-term if you are unhappy with your grade. However, if you do the part of the final exam which replaces a quiz or the mid-term, you will receive whatever grade you receive on the final, whether it is higher or lower. On the other hand, if you are content with your grades on the quizzes and the mid-term, then you can skip entirely the parts of the final that would replace these.

Students will each write at least one essay. Those who choose may write a second essay. See the separate handout on essay writing and the essay rubric on the home page. The quizzes will each count 5% of your grade. The mid-term examination will count 25% of your final grade and the essays will count 15% each. The final examination will exam will count for the rest but it will count for more if you have missed the mid-term or any of the quizzes. In summary, everyone must take at least two quizzes, write at least one essay and take the final examination. If you do so, your final exam will count 75% of your grade (more if you try to improve your grade on the quiz and/or the mid-term). If, on the other hand, you do all six quizzes, the mid-term exam, and two essays, then the final exam can count as little as 15% of your final grade. The choice is up to you.

You must complete all assigned work in order to receive a passing grade in the course. Finally, regular class attendance and participation in class discussion are expected. Students who attend class and are prepared for discussion on a daily basis can expect these facts to be reflected in their grades. The inverse is also true. You should not take this class unless you expect to attend every day. Students with an excessive number of absences for any reason will be dropped from the class and more than one absence will have a negative effect on your grade.

Cell phones must be turned off during class (not set to vibrate). Students are not allowed to leave class to receive or make phone calls. If you anticipate an emergency telephone call on some particular day that necessitates your leaving your phone on, tell the instructor before class begins.

If you have a documented disability and wish to discuss academic accommodations, please contact me during the first week of class.

CLASS SCHEDULE Please use this schedule to plan your reading which should be done before the relevant class.

TOPICS	DATES
I. INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF LABOR HISTORY	Jan 23
II. WORK AND WORKERS IN THE U.S. ECONOMY
A. Colonial Period and Revolution	Jan 25, 28
B. Development of the Factory System	Jan 30, Feb 1
C. Free and Unfree Labor	Feb 4,6
D. Civil War and Reconstruction	Feb 8,11
E. The Gilded Age	Feb 13,15,18,20
F. The Progressive Era and World War I	Feb 22,25,27,29
G. The 1920s and the Great Depression	Mar 10,12,14,17
H. World War II and the Post-war Period	Mar 26,28,31
I. The 1960s	Apr 2,4
J. The 1970s and 80s	Apr 7,9
K. Contemporary Issues	Apr 11,14
III. THE MODERN AMERICAN LABOR MOVEMENT
A. Union Organization, Employers, and the Law	Apr 16
B. Structure and Size of the American Labor Movement	Apr 18, 21
C. Unions and the Underprivileged	Apr 23, 25
D. Union Political Activities	Apr 28,30 May 2
IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS	May 5

ACTIVITIES	DATES
Quiz 1	Feb 1
Quiz 2	Feb 11
Essay 1	Feb 15
Quiz 3	Feb 29
Essay 2	Mar 12
Mid-term	Mar 19
Essay 3	Mar 28
Quiz 4	Mar 31
Quiz 5	Apr 14
Essay 4	Apr 21
Quiz 6	May 5
Final Examination	Wednesday, May 7, 3:00 p.m.-5:30 p.m.

EXPECTATIONS

WHAT I EXPECT FROM YOU: I expect that you will come to class each day on time, having done the reading assignment and prepared to participate by asking and answering questions and by expressing your opinions. I expect that you will ask questions about anything you don't understand. I expect that essays will be done and turned in on time and that they will reflect the best work you can do. I expect that you will contact me if you are having any problems in the course or if you are having personal problems which may affect your performance in the course. Overall, I expect you to work hard at getting the most out of this course that you possibly can. In accordance with the policies of the New York State Department of Education which accredits Le Moyne College, you can expect to be assigned two to three hours of outside work for each hour of class time in the course. You should not take this course unless you are willing to spend that much time outside of class working on course material.

WHAT YOU CAN EXPECT FROM ME: You can expect that I shall come to class on time each day having thought about and prepared the material. You can expect that I shall answer your questions to the best of my ability and that your opinions will be heard with respect. You can expect that your papers and exams will be graded carefully and returned in a timely manner and that you will be given an explanation of why you receive the grades you receive. You can expect that I shall make time to see you if you need to see me and that I shall keep regular office hours.

WHAT WE SHOULD EXPECT FROM EACH OTHER: A serious commitment to learning and a serious effort toward that end.

EXPECTED OUTCOMES: The successful student will be familiar with history of working life in the United States as well as with the origins and evolution of trade unions and the law with regard to employment and labor relations. Students should be able to identify the historical antecedents of current labor issues and to read and analyze critically media reports on union behavior and policies.

READING LIST

I. Introduction

Ehrenreich, "Working Poor Blues," in Boris and Lichtenstein
Arenesen, "Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working Class History" (this is a general reference that will be useful to you throughout the semester).

Optional:

Swados, "The Myth of the Happy Worker," in Boris and Lichtenstein
Montgomery "To Study the People: The American Working Class." Labor History, V.21, N.4
Ozanne "Trends in American Labor History." Labor History, V.21, N.4

II. A. The Colonial Period and the American Revolution

"An Indentured Servant Writes Home, 1623," in Boris and Lichtenstein
"Traveler Peter Kalm on Unfree Labor in Pennsylvania, 1753," in Boris and Lichtenstein
"African Prince Olaudah Equiano Survives the Middle Passage, 1791," in Boris and Lichtenstein
"Ruth Belknap, a Country Parson's Wife, on 'The Pleasures of a Country Life,' c. 1782," in Boris and Lichtenstein
Dunn, "Servants and Slaves in the East," in Boris and Lichtenstein

Optional:

Tomlins, "Reconsidering Indentured Servitude: European Migration and the Early American Labor Force, 1600-1775," Labor History, V.42, n.1, 2001
Lamar, "Bonded and Contract Labor in the Southwest," in Boris and Lichtenstein

B. Development of the Factory System

Dawley, "Lynn Shoemakers and the Solidarity of Class," in Boris and Lichtenstein
Roediger, "White Artisans and the Solidarity of Race," in Boris and Lichtenstein
"Amelia, a Woman Worker, Protests Lowell Wage Slavery, 1845," in Boris and Lichtenstein
"Journeymen Tailors Protest Wage Slavery, 1836," in Boris and Lichtenstein
"Frederick Douglass Confronts Working-Class Racism, 1836" in Boris and Lichtenstein

Optional:

Roediger and Foner, Our Own Time: A History of American Labor and the Working Day

Jessie Hutchison, "Cordwainers Rallying Song," in Boris and Lichtenstein
"A Reporter's Account of Lynn Women's Mass Meeting During the Great Strike, 1860," in Boris and Lichtenstein
Tomlins, "Criminal Conspiracy and Early Labor Combinations: Massachusetts, 1824-1840," Labor History, V.28, N.3, Summer 1987

C. Free and Unfree Labor

Genovese, "The Plantation Work Ethic," in Boris and Lichtenstein
"Slave Production at Pleasant Hill Plantation, 1850," in Boris and Lichtenstein
"Slave Solomon Northrup's View of Cotton Planting and Harvesting, 1854," in Boris and Lichtenstein
"A Planter on Child Rearing, 1836," in Boris and Lichtenstein

Optional:

Mellon, Bullwhip Days: The Slaves Remember
Galenson "White Servitude and the Growth of Black Slavery in Colonial America." Journal of Economic History, V.41, N.1
Smith, Colonists in Bondage: White Servitude and Convict Labor in America 1607-1776
Foner, Organized Labor and the Black Worker , chap.1
Engerman, "Slavery and Emancipation in Comparative Perspective: A Look at Some Recent Debates," Journal of Economic History , V.46, N.2

D. Civil War and Reconstruction

Foner, "Emancipation and the Reconstruction of Southern Labor," in Boris and Lichtenstein
"African-American Washerwomen Demand Higher Wages, 1866," in Boris and Lichtenstein
"'Colored' vs. Chinese in Galveston, 1877," in Boris and Lichtenstein

Optional:

"A Northern Unionist Lectures Ex-Slaves on the Work Ethic, 1865," in Boris and Lichtenstein
"'We Demand Land': Petition by Southern Freedmen, 1865," in Boris and Lichtenstein
Lause, "The American Radicals and Organized Marxism: the Initial Experience, 1869-1874," Labor History, V.33, N.1, Winter 1992

E. The Gilded Age

Brecher, "The Great Upheaval," in Boris and Lichtenstein
Montgomery, "Work Rules and Manliness in the World of the Nineteenth Century Craftsman," in Boris and Lichtenstein
"Haymarket Anarchist Michael Schwab Fights for Freedom, 1886" in Boris and Lichtenstein
"Samuel Gompers Defends the Right to Strike, 1899," in Boris and Lichtenstein
"Fitz John Porter Explains How to Quell Mobs, 1885," in Boris and Lichtenstein
"George Pullman Defends Managerial Paternalism" in Boris and Lichtenstein

Optional:

Green, "Remembering Haymarket: Chicago's Labor Martyrs and Their Legacy" in Boris and Lichtenstein
Lens, "The Molly Maguires" "Two Weeks of Insurrection," "The Bomb at Haymarket"
Reynolds, "Changing the Faces of Labor's Leaders: The Knights of Labor Poster of 1886," Labor's Heritage, Spring/Summer 2004
Kaufman, "Birth of a Federation: Gompers Endeavors 'Not to Build a Bubble'," Monthly Labor Review,V.104, N.11
Gitelman, "Adolph Strasser and the Origins of Pure and Simple Trade Unionism," in Leab
Molloy, "No Philanthropy at the Point of Production: A Knight of St. Gregory against the Knights of Labor in the New England Rubber Industry, 1885" Labor History, V. 44, n.2, May 2003
Schneider "The Citizen Striker: Workers' Ideology in the Homestead Strike of 1892." Labor History, V.23, N.1, Winter 1982
Schneirow, "Voting as a Class: Haymarket and the Rise of a Democrat-Labor Alliance in Late 19th Century Chicago," Labor's Heritage, Spring/Summer 2004
Lens, "Naval War at Homestead"
Wolf, Lockout: The Story of the Homestead Strike of 1892

F. The Progressive Era and World War I

Gutman, "The Cultures of First Generation Industrial Workers," in Boris and Lichtenstein
Enstad, "French Heels and Ladyhood in the World of Early-Twentieth-Century Garment Strikers," in Boris and Lichtenstein
"In re Debs, 1895," in Boris and Lichtenstein
"Investigator John Fitch describes Steel's Long Shift, 1912," in Boris and Lichtenstein
"Miner John Brophy Learns His Trade, 1907," in Boris and Lichtenstein
"Frederick Winslow Taylor Explains the Principles of Scientific Management, 1916," in Boris and Lichtenstein
See the Photoessay on "Americans at Work in the Industrial Era," Boris and Lichtenstein starting at p. 237

Optional:

Takaki, "Asian Immigrants Raising Cane: The World of Plantation Hawaii," in Boris and Lichtenstein
McCartin, "Fighting for Democracy in World War I," in Boris and Lichtenstein
"The Shirtwaist Strikers Win, 1910," in Boris and Lichtenstein
"Unionist Alice Henry Outlines Why Women Need Their Own Local Unions, 1915," in Boris and Lichtenstein
"Industrial Democracy Needed for the War Effort, 1917," in Boris and Lichtenstein
"President Wilson on the Labor Question, 1919," in Boris and Lichtenstein
Lens, "War in the Rockies," "First Round in Mass Production," "The Debs Revolution"
J. Robert Constantine, "Eugene V. Debs: an American Paradox," Monthly Labor Review, August 1991
Gitelman "Being of Two Minds: American Employers Confront the Labor Problem, 1915-1919." Labor History, V.25, N.2, Spring 1984
Barrett, "Revolution and Personal Crisis: William Z. Foster, Personal Narrative, and the Subjective in the History of American Communism," Labor History, November 2002
Potter, "`Suppose it Were Your Daughter': Gender, Class and Work as Perceived by Women Factory Inspectors in Progressive Era Massachusetts," Labor History, November 2002
Harris, "The Closed Shop, the Proprietary Capitalist and the Law, 1897-1915," in Jacoby, Masters to Managers: Historical and Comparative Perspectives on American Employers
Ebner, "The Passaic Strike of 1912 and the Two I.W.W.s," in Leab
Foner, Organized Labor and the Black Worker , chaps.8-10
Foner, Women and the American Labor Movement: From Colonial Times to the Eve of World War I, chaps.12,13,15
Painter, "Black Workers from Reconstruction to the Great Depression," in Buhle and Dawley, Working for Democracy
Slater, "Public Workers: Labor and the Boston Police Strike of 1919," Labor History, Winter 1996-97
Brecher, Strike, chap.3
Gompers, Seventy Years of Life and Labor, pp.65-118
Renshaw, The Wobblies, chap.2
Tripp, "Law and Social Control: Historians' Views of Progressive-Era Labor Legislation," Labor History, V.28, N.4, Fall 1987
Kelly, "Sentinels for New South Industry: Booker T. Washington, Industrial Accommodation and Black Workers in the Jim Crow South," Labor History August 2003
Koenig, "Law and Disorder at Home: Free Love, Free Speech and the Search for an Anarchist Utopia," Labor History May 2004
McGuire, "From the Courts to the State Legislatures: Social Justice Feminism, Labor Legislation and the 1920s," Labor History May 2004

G. The 1920s and the Great Depression

Kessler-Harris, "Law and Free Labor," in Boris and Lichtenstein
Dubofsky, "Not so Radical Years: Another Look at the 1930s," in Boris and Lichtenstein
Nelson, "Radical Years: Working-class Consciousness on the Waterfront in the 1930s," in Boris and Lichtenstein
"Adkins v. Children's Hospital, 1923," in Boris and Lichtenstein
"A Student's View of Soldiering, 1931," in Boris and Lichtenstein
"Preamble of the National Labor Relations Act, 1935," in Boris and Lichtenstein
"Communist John Steuben Organizes Steel, 1936," in Boris and Lichtenstein
"Mrs. Violet Baggett Joins the Union, 1937," in Boris and Lichtenstein
"A Union Man Gets His Job Back, 1938," in Boris and Lichtenstein
"Stanley Nowak Organizes a Slowdown Strike, 1937," in Boris and Lichtenstein
Rees, “What If a Company Union Wasn’t a ‘Sham’? The Rockerfeller Plan in Action,” Labor History, No. 4, 2007

Optional:

"Helen B. Sayre Praises the Progress of Negro Women in Industry, 1924," in Boris and Lichtenstein
Swidorski, "The Courts, the Labor Movement and the Struggle for Freedom of Expression and Association, 1919-1940," Labor History, February 2004
Johanningsmeier, "The Trade Union Unity League: American Communists and the Transition to Industrial Unionism," Labor History, V.42, n.2, 2001
Brecher, Strike, chap.5
Nelson, "Scientific Management and the Workplace, 1920-1935," in Jacoby
Keeran "Communist Influence in the Automobile Industry, 1920-1933: Paving the Way for an Industrial Union." Labor History, V.20, N.2, Spring 1979
Jacoby "Union-Management Cooperation in the United States: Lessons from the 1920s." Industrial and Labor Relations Review, V.37, N.1
Jacoby, "Modern Manors: An Overview," Industrial Relations, April 1999
Lens, "The Lean Years," "Clearing the Cobwebs," "Impending Victory," "Sitdown! Sitdown!"
Stricker "Affluence for Whom?--Another Look at Prosperity and the Working Classes in the 1920s." in Leab
Foner, Organized Labor and the Black Worker , chaps.11-16
Foner, Women and the American Labor Movement: From World War I to the Present, chaps.16-17
Thomas, "Blacks and the CIO," in Buhle and Dawley, Working for Democracy
Green, "Labor and the New Deal in Buhle and Dawley Working for Democracy
Samuel, "Troubled Passage: the Labor Movement and the Fair Labor Standards Act," Monthly Labor Review, December 2000
Pope, "The Western Pennsylvania Coal Strike of 1933, Part I: Lawmaking from Below and the Revival of the United Mine Workers," Labor History, V. 44, n.1, February 2003
Pope, "The Western Pennsylvania Coal Strike of 1933, Part II: Lawmaking from Above and the Demise of Democracy in the United Mine Workers, Labor History, V. 44, n.2, May 2003
"'Chinaman, Laundryman' Poet H.T. Tsaing Defends Chinese Immigrants, 1929" in Boris and Lichtenstein
"White Collar Workers Organize, 1938," in Boris and Lichtenstein
"For UAW Shop Stewards: `How to Win for the Union,' 1941," in Boris and Lichtenstein
"Union Leaders Oppose Shop-floor Agitators, 1941," in Boris and Lichtenstein

H. World War II and the Post-war Period

Lichtenstein, "The Unions' Retreat in the Postwar Period," in Boris and Lichtenstein
Schrecker, "Labor Encounters the Anticommunist Crusade," in Boris and Lichtenstein
"The War Labor Board Assails Workplace Racism, 1943," in Boris and Lichtenstein
"The War Labor Board Orders Equal Pay for Equal Work, 1944," in Boris and Lichtenstein
"Women's Work in a California Warplane Factory, 1941-45," in Boris and Lichtenstein
"The CIO Attacks a Communist-led Union, 1949," in Boris and Lichtenstein
"Arbitrator Harry Shulman Upholds the Authority of Ford Supervision, 1944," in Boris and Lichtenstein
"Fortune Magazine Applauds the U.S. Labor Movement, 1951," in Boris and Lichtenstein

Optional:

"President Franklin Roosevelt Establishes a Committee on Fair Employment Practice, 1941," in Boris and Lichtenstein
"Mildred Keith Protests Discrimination, 1942," in Boris and Lichtenstein
Korstad and Lichtenstein, "How Organized Black Workers Brought Civil Rights to the South," in Boris and Lichtenstein
Boris, "Racialized Bodies on the Homefront," in Boris and Lichtenstein
"Betty Friedan Argues for Trade Union Feminism, 1952," in Boris and Lichtenstein
"Shop Steward B.J. Widick Outlines the Frustrations of the Contract System, 1954," in Boris and Lichtenstein
Foner, Organized Labor and the Black Worker , chap.17
Hardman, "John L. Lewis, Labor Leader and Man: An Interpretation," Labor History, V.2, N.1, Winter 1961
Raucher, "Employee Relations at General Motors: The `My Job' Contest, 1947," Labor History, V.28, N.2, Spring 1987
Nissen, U.S. Labor Relations 1945-89: Accomodation and Conflict
Harrington, "Catholics in the Labor Movement: A Case History," Labor History, Fall 1960
Seaton, Catholics and Radicals, chap.7

I. The 1960s

Honey, "Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Memphis Sanitation Strike," in Boris and Lichtenstein
Murphy, "Collective Bargaining: The Coming of Age of Teacher Unionism," in Boris and Lichtenstein
"Cesar E. Chavez, Good Friday Message, 1969," in Boris and Lichtenstein

Optional:

"The American Federation of Teachers on the Rights of Teachers, 1951," in Boris and Lichtenstein
"The March on Washington Demands Jobs and Freedom, 1963," in Boris and Lichtenstein
"Union Leader Taylor Rogers Relives the Memphis Sanitation Strike (1968), 2000," in Boris and Lichtenstein
Andrew, "Factionalism and Anti-Communism: Ford Local 600," Labor History, V.20, N.2, Spring 1979
Foner, Organized Labor and the Black Worker , chaps.20-24
Geschwender, Class, Race and Worker Insurgency: The League of Revolutionary Black Workers, chaps.4-8
Levy, "The New Left and Labor: the Early Years (1960-1963)," Labor History, V.31, N.3, Summer 1990
Nissen, U.S. Labor Relations 1945-89: Accomodation and Conflict
Minchin, "'Color Means Something': Black Pioneers, White Resistance, and Interracial Unionism in the Southern Textile Industry, 1957-1980," Labor History, May 1998

J. The 1970s and 80s

Cobble, "Feminism Transforms Women Service Workers," in Boris and Lichtenstein
Freedman, "Construction Workers Defend Their Manhood," in Boris and Lichtenstein
“Sociologist Daniel Bell's 'Post-Industrial' Vision, 1973," in Boris and Lichtenstein
"Fred Roman on the Life of an Accountant, 1972," in Boris and Lichtenstein
"Lee Radler Archacki Explains Why She Chose the Night Shift, 1979," in Boris and Lichtenstein

Optional:

"Computerized Order Taking at McDonalds, 1988," in Boris and Lichtenstein
"Sex Discrimination in the Skies, 1967," in Boris and Lichtenstein
"The Scandal Behind Soaring Construction Costs, 1972," in Boris and Lichtenstein
Zieger, "Recent Historical Scholarship on Public Policy in Relation to Race and Labor in the Post-Title VII Period," Labor History, February 2004
Rachleff, Hard Pressed in the Heartland: the Hormel Strike and the Future of the Labor Movement
Milkman, "Women Workers, Feminism and the Labor Movement since the 1960s," in Milkman, Women, Work and Protest
Nissen, U.S. Labor Relations 1945-89: Accomodation and Conflict
Minchin, "'Labor's Empty Gun': Permanent Replacements and the International Paper Company Strike of 1987-88," Labor History, February 2006

K. Contemporary Issues

Ross, "Sweated Labor in Cyberspace," in Boris and Lichtenstein
Sleigh, "From Workplace to Corporate Governance: Emerging IR Issues in the Twenty-First Century," Perspectives on Work, V.5, n. 2
"Management's Weapon: Scab Labor, 1990," in Boris and Lichtenstein
"Temp Blues, 1994" in Boris and Lichtenstein
"Sweatshop Workers Speak Out, 1998," in Boris and Lichtenstein
"Harvard Union Clerical and Technical Workers State Their Principles, 1988," in Boris and Lichtenstein

Optional:

Chang, "The Nanny Visa," in Boris and Lichtenstein
"Queremos Justicia! We Want Justice, 1996," in Boris and Lichtenstein
"Big Win at UPS, 1997," in Boris and Lichtenstein
van Jaarsveld, "Collective Representation Among High-Tech Workers at Microsoft and Beyond: Lessons from WashTech/CWA," Industrial Relations, April 2004
Cobble, "The Next Unionism: Structural Innovations for a Revitalized Labor Movement," Proceedings, IRRA, Spring 1997
Newman, "Union and Community Mobilization and the Internet Age," Perspectives on Work, V.6, n. 2

III. A. Union Organization, Employers and the Law

Grady, "Broken Promises: The Failure of American Labor Law," Labor Law Journal, March 1990
Roth, "Workers Rights in the United States," Perspectives on Work, V.5, n.1 (photocopy provided Fall 2002)

Optional:

Strauss, "Is the New Deal System Collapsing? With What Might It Be Replaced?" Industrial Relations, July 1995
Kaufman and Lewin, "Is the NLRA Still Relevant to Today's Economy and Workplace?" Proceedings, IRRA, January 1998
Bernstein, "The Evolution of the Use of Management Consultants in Labor Relations: A Labor View," Labor Law Journal, May 1985
Friedman, "Ensuring Human Rights at Work," Perspectives on Work, V.5, n.1(photocopy provided Fall 2002)

B. Structure and Size of the Labor Movement

Meyerson, "A New AFL-CIO," in Boris and Lichtenstein
Lafer, "Graduate Student Unions Fight the Corporate University," in Boris and Lichtenstein

Optional:

Godard, "Do Labor Laws Matter: The Density Decline and Convergence Thesis Revisited," Industrial Relations, July 2003
Farber, "The Extent of Unionization in the United States," in Kochan, Challenges and Choices Facing American Labor
Kovach, "Organized Labor's Deteriorating Condition," Labor Law Journal, V.36, N.11
Wallihan, Union Government and Organization , chap.3
Cobble, "Lost Ways of Organizing: Reviving the AFL's Direct Affiliate Strategy," Industrial Relations July 1997
Hirsch, et al., "Estimates of Union Density by State," Monthly Labor Review, July 2001

C. Unions and the Underprivileged

"An AFL View of Women Workers in Industry, 1897" in Boris and Lichtenstein
"The AFL-CIO Defends Immigrant Workers, 2000," in Boris and Lichtenstein
"The American Federation of Labor Embraces Equal Pay for Equal Work, 1917," in Boris and Lichtenstein

Optional:

Foner, Women and the American Labor Movement: From World War I to the Present, chaps. 2,3,24-27
Foner, Organized Labor and the Black Worker , chaps.25-26
Asher, "Union Nativism and the Immigrant Response." Labor History, V.23, N.3, Summer 1982
Marable, "Black Leadership and the Labor Movement," Working USA, Sept-Oct 1997
Gutman, Work, Culture, and Society in Industrializing America, chap.3
Boyle, "`There Are No Union Sorrows that the Union Can't Heal': the Struggle for Racial Equality in the United Automobile Workers, 1940-1960," Labor History, V.36, N.1, Winter 1995
Rosenberg, "The IWW and Organization of Asian Workers in Early 20th Century America," Labor History, V.36, N.1, Winter 1995
Asher and Stephenson, Labor Divided: Race and Ethnicity in United States Labor Struggles, 1835-1960
Witwer, "Race Relations in the Early Teamsters Union," Labor History, V. 43, n.4, November 2002
Arnesen, "Spector of the Black Strike Breaker: Race, Employment and Labor Activism in the Industrial Era," Labor History August 2003
Mastracci, "Backstage and Spotlight Activism: One Survival Strategy of the Women's Bureau and Its Price," Labor History, February 2004
Phan, "`A Race So Different' Chinese Exclusion, the Slaughter House Cases and Plessy v. Ferguson," Labor History, May 2004

D. Union Political Activities

Voos, "Democracy and Industrial Relations," Proceedings, IRRA, January 2004
"Republican Kellyanne Fitzpatrick Promotes California's Proposition 226 as `Paycheck Protection,' 1998," in Boris and Lichtenstein
"The Battle in Seattle, 1999" in Boris and Lichtenstein

Optional:

"Senseless in Seattle, 1999," in Boris and Lichtenstein
Asher and Heberling, American Labor Unions in the Electoral Arena
Gompers, Seventy Years of Life and Labor, pp.143-146
Lichtenstein, Labor's War at Home: The CIO in World War II, chap.3
Ross, "John L. Lewis and the Election of 1940." Labor History, V.17, N.2, Spring 1976
Spencer, "Labor's Non-Partisan League: 1936-1944," Labor's Heritage, Spring/Summer 2004
Dubofsky and Van Tine, John L. Lewis: A Biography , chap.15
Greene, "`The Strike at the Ballot Box': The American Federation of Labor's Entrance into Election Politics, 1906-1909," Labor History, V.32, N.2, Spring 1991
Gramm, "Labor's Legislative Initiatives to Restrict Permanently Replacing Strikers," Proceedings, IRRA, Annual Meeting, New Orleans, January 1992
Masters, "A New Political Strategy for American Unions," Working USA, Sept-Oct 1997
Boyle, Organized Labor and American Politics, 1894-1994: The Labor Liberal Alliance
Dark, The Unions and the Democrats: An Enduring Alliance
Zullo, "Labor Council Outreach and Union Member Voter Turnout: A Microanalysis from the 2000 Election," Industrial Relations, April 2004
Logan, "The Campaign to Save Labor's 'Only True Weapon'" Perspectives on Work, Summer 2006

V. Summary and Conclusions

Moody, "A Certain Kind of Globalization," in Boris and Lichtenstein
Kelley, "How the New Working Class Can Transform Urban America," in Boris and Lichtenstein

Optional:

Craver, "The Current and Future Status of Labor Organizations," Labor Law Journal, V.36, N.4
Fink, "Have We Been Here Before? Prospects for a Future for American Unionism," Proceedings, IRRA, Annual Meeting, Boston, January 1994